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1993-10-29
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216 lines
∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°
∙ ∙
∙ T H E W A Y W E W E R E ∙
∙ ∙
∙ Computing in the Early '80s ∙
∙ ∙
∙ by Dave Henniker & John Weller ∙
∙ ∙
∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°
A GLANCE BACKWARDS
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As we all know, computer technology moves quickly and most IBM-compatible
PC's now have 386 or 486 CPU's and several megabytes of memory. The
Pentium (586) is on the horizon and motherboards are evolving with the
Local Bus beginning to establish itself. New software applications
require greater speed, more memory and more hard disk space.
Anyone who glances at the magazine shelves of John Menzies cannot fail to
notice the large numbers of computer magazines. Just a few years ago,
you'd have been lucky to find more than one or two such magazines. Let's
have a brief look over our shoulder... How else will we know where we're
coming from?
I have beside me two magazines, December 1981's Personal Computer World
and January 1982's Practical Computing. The former proclaims itself as
BRITAIN'S LARGEST SELLING MICRO MAGAZINE. The term Personal Computer or
PC hadn't really been coined then; we were more likely to talk about a
Microcomputer or Micro.
IBM had yet to dip its corporate toes into the 'micro' market and was
still preoccupied with mainframes. Lasky's had on offer the Apple II with
48K memory and black and white modulator for £776.25 including VAT. For
another £431.25 you could get a floppy disk drive.
Lasky's also had the Sharp MZ-80K with 48K memory plus a built in screen
AND cassette deck for file storage. The whole thing only cost £399. This
machine had rather an odd keyboard with calculator-style keys.
If this was too expensive you could have gone for the Acorn Atom with 8K
ROM and 2K RAM for only £149 plus VAT. Also popular was the TRS 80. A 40
track floppy disk drive could be added for only £420, giving you the
(then) vast storage capacity of 184 Kbytes.
Clive Sinclair had made his mark and the ZX80 had been superceded by the
ZX81. For £17.50 you could double the memory size to 2K simply by
swapping a chip.
Business users who needed more power could buy the Superbrain micro
computer for £1875 plus VAT. Included in the price was 64K RAM and a 320K
floppy disk drive. Hard disk drives were available from £3500 plus VAT.
For this you got an 8 inch Winchester Micropolis with 7 Mbytes capacity.
The cover story in this edition was AUNTIE'S MICRO: THE FULL STORY which
covered the imminent release of the BBC Micro. This was probably the
first home computer with colour graphics, sound and a good BASIC language
built in. Many of these are still in use today.
The trouble with all these systems was the lack of any standards. Some
had Z80 processors, some had the 6502. CP/M (Control Process / Monitor)
was the nearest thing to a standard operating system and it wouldn't work
with the 6502.
Dave Henniker
∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°∙°
THOSE GLORY, GLORY DAYS
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It was 1985, and you couldn't turn on the television or open a magazine
without being told that computers were about to change your life. Every
parent had to buy one, or see their children left behind in a changing
workplace; every householder needed one to drive the automated home that
was just around the corner; and everyone else needed one just to keep
abreast of this revolutionary technology. That's what we were told, and
that's what we believed.
It was the first time that anyone other than the dedicated hobbyist or
obsessed technician could have a computer at home, and I wanted one with
a vengeance! I didn't really know what I wanted it for, I had a vague
idea that I could automate my wargames with it, but the whole point was
to share in the excitement. The only problem was that I didn't have any
money... I was working for a jobbing printer at the time and my wages
just about kept my head above the water. But desperate times breed
desperate measures, and there was nothing for it but to work harder and
eat less.
The obvious choice was to buy a secondhand machine, but even with new
models appearing every six months, and prices falling at the same rate,
the demand was so high that they held their price well - it was a seller's
market and everyone knew it. Even the high street stores couldn't carry
enough stock to satisfy the demand; Spectrums went out of the door as
soon as they arrived, and the 30% failure rate returned them just as
fast. Every Thursday I would buy 'Personal Computer News' (PCN) and
check out the classifieds, and when I finally had £130 saved, I knew the
great moment had come. A BBC 'B' or one of the 'plug-in-and-go' Amstrads
was beyond my means, but I could just about stretch to a Sinclair 48K
Spectrum. I didn't know it then, but my life was about to change
dramatically...
I was single and obsessive, and my life so far had revolved around
wargaming, getting drunk and taking too many drugs. But Thorvald, the
Swiss god of programming, was there to save me. I entered the Midnight
Programming phase of my life and never really came back.
The fact that most users also programmed their machines is probably the
biggest difference between then and now. I can't think of a single
machine that didn't have some form of BASIC (Beginners All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code) built into it. This was available from the
moment you turned your machine on, and this, along with the fact that you
needed to know a few commands to use it, meant that a good 50% of users
were also keen programmers. If you could break your way into a
commercial programme, then you could examine the code and add your own
features to it; it was all part of the excitement. I can remember writing
databases from scratch, adding extra options to a modem programme, and
getting my own disc drive utility programme up and running.
Let's have a look now at the magazine that fueled this excitement. A
sample copy of PCN for the week ending January 5th 1985 had 52 pages of
listings for a wide range of machines, news pages with the latest from
the home and business computing worlds, adverts, software and hardware
reviews for every machine, Ken Garroch's problem pages and Mike Gerrard's
Adventure tips and solutions. All of this for 40p a week - eat your
heart out Format Publications!
This issue contained listings for a disc manager for the Commodore 64,
machine code sound for the Memotech MTX, a game for the BBC 'B', machine
code protection routines for the Spectrum, a drawing programme for the
Amstrad CPC 464, and the last instalment of a game listing for the Atari
400.
'Mini Office' for the BBC was reviewed, along with the Penman colour
plotter; there was an overview of the Spectrum, detailing its hardware,
software and peripherals; and the two pages of games reviews treated them
seriously, rather than as an exercise in schoolboy silliness. And don't
forget that this was back in the days of literacy, when there was more
text than pictures on a magazine page...
But the best part was always the adverts. Silica Shop were selling the
recently released Atari 800 XL for £129, with the 1040 Program Recorder
for an extra £34, or a 1050 127K 5.25" disc drive for £199. This was the
machine that I should have bought. I wouldn't have met as many
interesting people as I did with the Spectrum, but I would have had the
following at my fingertips: 64K of RAM, 24K of ROM (with Atari BASIC
built in), 256 colours available simultaneously on screen (16 intensities
of 16 colours), 4 independent sound synthesisers, a proper keyboard
(rather than the Spectrum's 'dead flesh' rubber keypad), a cartridge
port, and 11 graphics modes with up to 24 lines of 40 columns or 320 x
192 resolution. The only problem was that the user base was tiny, and
the only software for it was imported from the States at a premium price.
It was cheap, but it wasn't a poor man's computer.
The other options were the BBC 'B' at about £300, the Acorn Electron at
£199, the MSX machines with price tags ranging from £199 to £300
(remember how the MSX'ers used to get really angry if you asked them how
many machines had been sold in Britain?), the Commodore C16, the Apple
][e, the Oric (enough said), the Enterprise (sixteen months to be born,
six months to die), the 48K Spectrum at £199, the Sinclair QL, the
Amstrad C464 (£348 with a colour screen, £239 with a green screen), the
Sharp MZ-700 series, and so many other machines that I've forgotten.
Back to the adverts again. Our programmes were stored on cassette tape
and took forever to load. I probably spent more time adjusting the
record/playback head on my tape machine than actually using my Spectrum!
Disc drives were rare and expensive beasts that used 5.25" floppies with
a storage capacity of a couple of hundred K. For Spectrum owners there
was always the Sinclair Microdrive, a fast tape recorder that used
matchbook-sized cassettes with a very narrow tape. Like most Sinclair
products, reliability was not their middle name... Disc drives were
beginning to appear in the home market, but with a price tag of £200+ and
with limited capacity. The lucky few who could afford a hard drive were
looking at £999 + VAT for a 10 Megabyte Winchester.
Ten 5.25" discs (in the obligatory plastic box) would have cost you £19.95
for single-sided ones and £21.85 for double-sided. Anyone with the new
3.25" drive would expect to pay £4.00 per disc, although the prices were
beginning to fall as the market expanded.
But the best part of any computer magazine was the small ads. The sheer
range of programmes that were sold direct was astounding. How about,
"Lifeboat. A menu-driven database of lifeboat stations and their boats.
Selection by station, county, boat type, or boat details. Also
simulation of service call out. All royalties to the RNLI. BBC,
Electron, tape £4.00, disc £6.00"? Or, "Prove to your friends that your
computer is really useful. Plan their garden with our data bank on
plants. Send £9.95 for databank on Sinclair QL microdrive cartridge."
Everyone was falling over themselves to supply the programmes that would
make the machines useful. Most of the smaller programmes advertised then
would appear now as PD or low-cost Shareware, but they were the first of
their type and helped to fuel our excitement.
Times and expectations change, but always at a cost in excitement. I'm
writing this piece on a 4 Meg STE, with a hard drive and Deskjet attached,
a set-up that would have been impossible then (or if it had existed,
unaffordable), but there's something missing.... Where's the enthusiasm
gone to? Back then, we were programming, pushing the machines to their
limits, but above all, *doing*. These days, we just consume.
~~~~~eof~~~~~